Compared to C3 plants, C4 plants are twice as efficient in terms of carbon fixing, but lose only about half as much water for the same amount of CO2 fixed. This adaptation is primarily due to:

Options:

• A: Having a higher density of stomata on their upper epidermis.
• B: The presence of Kranz anatomy and PEP carboxylase which has a high affinity for CO2.
• C: The ability to perform photosynthesis at night (CAM pathway).
• D: Having thicker cuticles that completely block transpiration.

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