In waterlogged, canal-irrigated tracts of Punjab and Haryana, the soil becomes alkaline and saline. Which of the following chemical processes best explains the formation of 'Usar' or 'Kallar' soils in these regions?

Options:

• A: Leaching of calcium carbonate to the lower horizons, leaving behind acidic silica.
• B: Upward movement of sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts via capillary action, depositing them in the topsoil.
• C: Rapid decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic conditions, releasing humic acid.
• D: Precipitation of iron and aluminum oxides due to high water table fluctuations.

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